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Fundamentals

The essentials for decision makers: stablecoins, digital euro and blockchain – technology, benefits, compliance, examples and next steps.

Foundations Topics at a Glance

Stablecoins – Fundamentals

Definition, Types, Benefits, Risks

What stablecoins are, how price stability works and why they are becoming relevant for corporates. Short, practical – without hype.

At a Glance

  • Issuer models (fully backed, debt‑backed instruments)
  • Reserves, attestations, transparency reports
  • On‑/off‑ramps and typical use cases

Tokenized Deposits

Deposits as Tokenised Claims

How tokenized deposits work, how they differ from stablecoins and which roles banks and infrastructure providers play.

Key Points

  • Difference to stablecoins and traditional commercial bank money
  • Roles of banks and infrastructure providers
  • Potential use cases in corporate banking

Digital Euro (CBDC)

What Is Planned – And What Is Not

Project status of the digital euro, potential features and its differences to stablecoins and tokenised deposits. Which options are realistic – today and tomorrow?

Snapshot

  • Design goals, role model & offline options
  • Privacy, limits & intermediary model
  • Differences to stablecoins & deposits in daily use

Euro Stablecoins for the Mid-Market

Invoices in EUR, Settlement in Minutes

Focus on euro‑denominated stablecoins: providers, MiCAR alignment, fees and process questions – tailored to DACH corporates.

Key Points

  • Provider landscape & MiCAR compliance
  • Fees, spreads & 24/7 availability
  • Use cases: invoicing, treasury, suppliers

Blockchain & DLT – Basics

Tech Essentials for Decisions

The main architecture choices, without jargon: DLT vs. database, on‑/off‑chain and smart contracts – in compact form.

Core Aspects

  • Permissioned vs. permissionless & typical trade‑offs
  • Data models & interfaces
  • Integration and scalability aspects

How Does a Blockchain Work?

Transactions, Blocks, Keys

From key pairs and signatures to block creation and finality, through to explorers – the process in simple steps.

Explained

  • What happens in a transaction?
  • How blocks and finality emerge
  • Why explorers and verifiability matter

Consensus Mechanisms (PoW/PoS & More)

Security, Decentralisation, Cost

Why consensus is needed and how mechanisms differ – with a focus on security, cost and governance implications.

Comparison Points

  • PoW vs. PoS: mechanics & implications
  • Validators/mining, finality, liveness
  • Impact on operations and risk

Bitcoin in B2B (Role & Limits)

Store of Value, Lightning, Accounting

Where Bitcoin fits in corporate use (e.g. Lightning) – and where volatility, accounting and processes draw clear boundaries.

For Executives

  • Store of value vs. payment rail
  • Accounting/tax & volatility management
  • Lightning payments: opportunities & limits

Custody & Safekeeping – Basics

Secure Storage – Organisational & Technical

Options from self‑custody to regulated custody: key management, roles, incident handling and audit‑ready processes.

In Practice

  • Self‑custody vs. service provider (pros/cons)
  • Roles/policies, logging & approvals
  • Incident and recovery processes

Programmable Digital Money

Rules, Workflows, Automation

From escrow to milestone payments and pay‑per‑use: how payment logic automates business processes.

Focus Topics

  • Event‑driven payments (e.g. milestones)
  • Limits, approvals & compliance checks
  • Micropayments and pay‑per‑use models

Regulation – Overview (EU & Global)

MiCAR & Global Guard Rails

The big picture: EU framework (MiCAR) plus US/UK/Asia – which rules shape processes, compliance and reporting for corporates.

Essential Points

  • MiCAR/AMLR, travel rule & supervisory practice
  • US/UK/Asia: signalling and relevance
  • Impact on governance and risk

Use Cases – Overview

From Procurement to Service

Concrete starting points for today: T+0 settlement, treasury optimisation, B2B/POS payments and data‑driven services.

Use Case Sketches

  • Invoicing & supplier processes
  • Treasury/FX & working capital
  • POS/online & after‑sales services

ERP Integration – Overview

Interfaces, Posting, Reporting

From proof of concept to booking: master data, chart of accounts/tax, reconciliation, audit trail and data protection.

Key Themes

  • APIs, master data & mapping
  • Posting logic, tax & reconciliation
  • Audit, privacy & IT security

Who Is Satoshi Nakamoto?

History, Idea, Relevance Today

Origins and whitepaper essentials – and why this foundation still shapes current developments.

Context

  • Timeline & whitepaper ideas
  • Decentralisation & trust architecture
  • Impact on today's money and payments debates